英语概要写作


概要写作：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。（满分25分）

词数少于40的和多余80的，从总分中减去2分


一、解题指导

二、记叙文的概要写作

三、议论文的概要写作

四、 说明文的概要写作

五、常见错误

六、评分原则

目录


types key information

记叙文

narration人物+时间+地点+事件（起因+发展+结果）

说明文

exposition

描写某事物的性质功用。即"对象+性质功用+利好"；

针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即"问题+解决方法"；

介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即"现象+原因+结果"

议论文

argumentation论点+论据(+结论)

1. 确定文体 the types of the passage


一、解题指导

2.写出初稿在写作过程中，学生要注意

词数要求，使用精炼的句子概括文章的要点，可以引用所给阅读材料的重要词语，但不可过多，否则便失去了概要的意义;学生还需谨记:概要必须全面、清晰地表达所给阅读材料的信息，客观、准确地反映所给阅读材料的真实意图，不可随意增减内容。

1.阅读首先要通读全文，对

文章的体栽和大意有所了解。阅读时要快速地找到主题句，以便抓住中心，理解全文。学生还需要根据文章内容列出一个简单的提纲，以便在写作过程中不会遗漏要点，总结全面。

3.修正定稿初稿完成后，要将其与

所给阅读材料核对一遍，看原材料中的要点是否在概要中都得到了体现，语句间的接是否符合逻辑，同时还需要检查句子是否有错误，时态和语态的使用是否正确，标点、格式、大小写是否有误等通过细致的修正与调整，力争使文章在各个方面都万无失。


How to write a summary(argumentation)

1.Read 2.Make an outline

3.Rewrite4. Make it coherent

5. Revise

6. neatly copy

-Topic , structure, key supporting sentences


二，记叙文的概要写作

对记叙文进行概括时，要抓住原文的人物、事件、结果三大要素。有些记叙文的结尾有一个点题句，表达深刻内涵或故事带给人们的启示，在写摘要时也需把故事寓意表达出来。

(一)记叙文摘要的写法------要素串联法

1，寻词摘句，确定要素

,2，整合信息

串联要素

记叙文通常包含时间(when)、地点( where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因why)、经过how)等六大要素。在阅读时要圈定这些要素

列出上述要素和关键词后，需要对其进行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的逻辑顺序，在整合时要有所取舍，对于有助于揭示主题的主要信息，应该全部概括;而对于主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地舍弃


3，认真审题，注意表达

(1)确定人称:如果原文是第一人称，在转述时一般要改为第三人称，

(2)确定时态:记叙文以一般过去时为主。若记叙文中有作者从中得到的"启示"或"意义"等，一般用一般现在时表达

(3)确定词数与句数:摘要要求是"以约30个单词概括"，从近两年高考阅卷的实际来看，满分作文概括的词数在26～38个单词之间受词数限制，概括部分一般用1～3句表达，以用2句最佳，句子过多，要么内容累赘，要么句式过于简单，均会影响表达效果。

(二)记叙文摘要的常用句式:

1. The writer mainly tells us...2. The author shares his experiences3. From the passage, we know that...4. In the passage,


 一篇完整的读写任务型写作，应该包括三部分，即概括、正文、结尾。

 概括：文章第一段为概括段，根据阅读材料的体裁和内容，一般用一两句话，约30个词进行提炼归纳原材料的中心主题。

 正文：这部分要根据写作内容要点来分段，一般写作内容有几个要点就分几段，而且，每段的主题句最好放在段首，然后用一些支撑句进行必要的拓展，即主题句+拓展内容。

 结尾：可以是总结，也可以是强调主题中心句等。


如何写好概括 记叙文的概括

 先通过阅读材料，找出所给材料的六要素，再按一定的逻辑关系将六要素串联起来，组成能体现文章中心的一两句话。

 如：何时（when）何地（where）谁（who）做了什么事情（what），结果怎样（how）或为什么会这样（why）。用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水讲细节，而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。注意人称和时态（ 一般原文用是什么时态，概括就用什么时态）的使用。切忌罗列细节或掺入个人思想。


(三)典题示例 : 阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括其内容要点

After graduating from college, I decided to try for a job at a radio station, and then I

would become a sports announcer, I went to Chicago and knocked on the door of every station,

but got turned down every time. Seeing I was disappointed, my mother said, "Everything happens

for the best. If you keep on trying, one day something good will happen. You'll realize that

it wouldn't have happened if not for that previous disappointment.

In one studio, a kind lady told me that big stations couldn't risk hiring an inexperienced

person Go to small towns to find a small station that will give you a chance, "she suggested.

So I tried WOC Radio in Davenport, Iowa The program director, Peter Macarthur, told me they

had already hired an amouncer So I was refused. As I left his office, I asked aloud, "How can

a fellow get to be a sports announcer if he can't get a job in a radio station? Suddenly

Macarthur asked, "What did you say about sports? Do you know anything about football? " Then

he let me stand before a microphone and asked me to broadcast an imaginary game. The program

director was satisfied with me and I became a sports announcer the next day. Whenever I faced

disappointment, my mother's words would come to my mind.


[点拨]

1.这是一篇记叙文，概括前需找出(1)谁? (the writer/author）(2)做了什么事?（failed lots of times in looking for a job）(3)結果如何?( felt very disappointed)(4)经教训 （his mother inspired him to keep on， and he succeeded at last）

2.然后用自己的话将上述要点表达出来，便是本文概要SummaryWhile looking for a job, the author suffered one failure after another, which made him feel very disappointed. It was his mother's encouraging words that inspired him to go on trying until he succeeded.


记叙文读写任务写作模板：

 第一段：The writer mainly tells us that…, which…

 第二段：After reading the story, I am deeply moved by the hero, whoreminds me of… /The story reminds me of another story thathappened to…

 第三段：I subscribe to the view that the whole society should attachimportance to… Only when we raise people's awareness of …, can we…


夹叙夹议的概括

 夹叙夹议文，先按照记叙文的概括方法， 然后加上作者的看法或观点，指出该故事说明了一个什么道理或给人有什么启示或从中得出的哲理。


 例2： To many people even the word "work" sounds unpleasant, notnecessarily because they are lazy. The same man, who dislikes his job inthe factory or even in the office, may work hard at the weekend,painting the house or digging the garden. What is the reason, then Inmost case, it is because these people simply do not enjoy the job theyare doing. It does not give them any real satisfaction. It may be quiteeasy, like making up wooden boxes, but it is very boring. Very oftenthey are doing a job which is just a small part of a much larger one,such as attaching a door handle to a car. But the part they play inactually making the car is so small that they can never say: I have madesomething! Yet in modern society somebody has to do ordinary jobs suchas cleaning streets because this is the way society is organized. Nomatter how ordinary a job is, it plays a part in society and thereforedeserves our due respect. Society cannot function a single day withoutthe "dull and boring" jobs.


分析

 1、这是一篇夹叙夹议文，概括前需找出：

 （1） 文章叙述了什么？

In modern society, many people's jobs, like cleaning streets, may be boring,small and unsatisfying, but they are necessary.

 （2） 有什么启示？

Ordinary jobs like cleaning streets are worth respecting.

2、然后用自己的话将上述要点表达出来，便是本文概要。

Summary:

 Though many people find their jobs boring, small and unsatisfying, ordinaryjobs like cleaning

 streets are necessary in modern society. And these jobs are worth respecting.


1.找出关键词和主题句

2.根据关键词和主题句进行概括

任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作关键词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心，一般地说，关键词通常是名词、动词或形容词。议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。

根据圈定的关键词和主题句进行改写，用相应的同义词进行替换或进行句型转换，千万不能原封不动地抄写原文。

三、议论文的概要写作

议论文体的阅读材料，在写概要前，应该紧抓住议论文的文体特点、文章结构和三要素，准确捕捉材料的内容要点。议论文的结构形式有"总分"、"总分总"、"分总"或"并列"等。文章的三要素是:论点、论证、论据。而三要素中最重要的应是论点，因此，准确把握文章的论点就显得非常重要了。文章的论点往往在文章的首段或尾段，偶尔也在文章的中间。在段落中往往又在首句或尾句，但学生还应特别注意段落中表转折或因果的连词，因为这些词往往会引出文章的论点。


议论文的概括

 议论文一般包括"观点（或问题）、论据、结论"三个方面，所以，议论文的概括需要先弄清楚文章的论点、论据、结论，然后用一两句话将这三部分有机地结合起来，使之能反映文章的中心内容。

 概括对方观点首先是要转换视角，即以"第三人称"或"无人称"来概括。关注文章的首尾句、首尾段及每段的首尾句。如果文中有一分为二的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。

 注意：议论文的主体部分是论证的过程，论据占有很大的部分，但在写概括的时候，不需要详细写论证的过程，一切细节信息，都应该剔除，所以议论文的概括应当将"观点、论据、结论"三个方面同等对待。


概要模板:论点十论据(结论)议论文可用以下开头语① The passage/author argues that.本文作者主张…② The passage/ author highlights the importance of.本文作者强调了………的重要性③ The passage/author discusses the impact of.本文作者讨论了……的影响④ The passage/ author compares.with.本文/作者比较了…与


建议模板

 用一个句子阐述文章的中心论题或作者的观点，再用分词短语或非限制性定语从句作补充说明。如：The writer argues…+中心论点，which+分论点/ The writer toldus that… 然后用自己的话将上述要点表达出来，便是本文概要。 Summary:

The writer argues for the strengths of extracurricular activities, which helpstudents better themselves in widening their social circle and improvingcommunication skills, making preparations for their future as well as forming agood habit.

 议论文读写任务写作模板

 第一段：From what is mentioned above, we know…

 第二段：Those who are in favor of it state/claim that… Opponents of thisview argue that…

 第三段：I hold the view that priorities should be focus on …


概要写作（满分25分）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

(Para 1 )Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.


(Para 2 )In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.

(Para 3)Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?

(Para 4)Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.


There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt

Step 1: Read①topic sentence:

② structure

③ supporting ideasFind out the topic sentence of each paragraph

think, believe, consider, regard, argue, support, be convinced that, in one's opinion, from one's point of view

You may need to pay attention to some words like:


Para 2: In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.

Examples of some European countries


(Para 3) Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?


(Para 4) Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.

Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children

off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread

of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American

immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the

dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter

position is gaining some ground.


Step 2: Make an outline

Topic: There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt

suppor-tingIdeas

(Para 2 )

(Para 3)

nowadays(Para 4)

In the 16th century

since18th century

People thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease

…has no longer been regarded as…cleaning away dirt is good to health

…encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system


Step 3: Rewrite the sentences in other ways

① There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

different, mixed, various

反义转换

opinions, views, ideas同义词替换

▲ People's attitudes to dirt vary in different times.

towards

句型转换

▲ People hold different opinions towards dirt over time.

▲ The attitudes to dirt is not always the same.


② In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.

Have a try!


② In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.

think: believe, hold, consider, insist, argue, are convinced….

同义词替换

block out disease: prevent/protect/keep away … from illness;

One possible version:② In the 16th century, people believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.


③…. dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.

wash off, get rid of

benefits, is beneficial to, does good to, contributes to…

One possible version:③ People began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.


④ Nowadays, … encourages people to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.

④One possible version:Nowadays, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.

People are encouraged to…语态转换

be exposed to..believe, support, agree, approve….


① People hold mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.

② In the 16th century, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.

③ People began to change their attitudes to dirt more than 200 years ago. They have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.

④Nowadays, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.

However,

Nevertheless/But/however

③ people

Add two linking words to make the passage coherentStep 4: Make the summary coherent

④ nowadays,


Step 5: Revise

( 67 words)

People hold mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. In the 16th century, people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However,people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. They have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. But nowadays, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.

4 "C" : complete, correct, concise, coherent


Homework

Finish the summary writing of the following

Passage


阅读短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit

since ancient times. Many years ago, people thought that

if we went to bed early and get up early, we would be

energetic(充满活力的) the whole day. So, getting up

early is of great importance to us all.

In fact, morning is the best time of a day. In the morning,

the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best

conditions(条件). Many of us may have the experiences

that we memorize some things more quickly and

accurately in the morning than any other time of the day.


If we do some morning exercise or only take a short

walk in the morning, we can build our bodies and

become much healthier. Also we will have enough time

to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of

the day if we get up early. However, if we get up late,

we will probably have to do everything in a great hurry.

Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and

try our best to keep it. If we stick to getting up early

every day, we will certainly benefit(受益) a lot from it.


• Getting up early in the morning is a good habit and very

important, because in the morning we can have a better

memory, healthier bodies and better preparation for the day.

In addition, morning exercise can help us keep healthy. So, it

is beneficial to us.

参考范文


• It is important to get up early for people.

• In the morning, people can exercise their bodies through walking to

keep healthy. Also, people's memory will improve. Besides, people can

make a good preparation/plan for themselves, so they will have

enough time to do everything. In a word, getting up early is

beneficial to us.

参考范文


Getting up early is a good habit. And we attach great importance to

getting up early because morning is the most valuable time of a day, so

we can have physical training to keep healthy. Besides, getting up early

can let us have enough time to program and prepare to finish doing our

work or study of the day.

In a word, we will benefit a lot from getting up early.

参考范文


People attach great importance to getting up

early. It enables them to have a better memory,

healthier bodies and better preparation for the day.

If not, people will be busy doing everything. So

insist on getting up early which is of great benefit to all

people.

参考范文


四，说明文的概要写作此类文章通常会有中心句(多在首段)写概要时要注意找出中心句，抓住关键词，然后重组文章的信息，

用自己的话表述出来。不同类型的说明文的几种参考模板

1)描写某事物的性质功用，即"对象十性质功用+利好":(in the passage) the writer introduces.(对象)to us.(性质或功用)，.(对象带来的利好)

2）针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即"问题+解决方法":The passage tells us.(问题).(方法1)…(方法2)..(方法3)

3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即"现象+原因+结果":The author/writer said/talks about.(现象).(原因本质1)..(原因/本质2)，，(结果)

说明文可用以下开头语:① According to the passage， we can know根据文章我们可知……2 This passage/article is mainly about.这篇文章主要是关于③ in the passage， the writer/author mainly tells us在这篇文章中作者主要告诉我们…④ A new study found.-个新的研究发现…⑤ The purpose of the report is to show.这一报告的目的是表明……


说明文的概括

 说明文通常会有明确的主题句，先抓住关键词，并根据各段落的主题，有序地组织语言，完整表达出文章的中心内容。如果是分析型说明文，概括时要找出文章所说明的现象、产生该现象的原因及解决问题的方法或建议，然后用自己的话重组信息点


 例3： You may not be very familiar with "eco-tourism"—a new term in today's tourismindustry—but in an era of growing environmental consciousness, it is not too difficult forus to imagine and work out the meaning of this new form of holiday.

 Eco-tourism is typically defined as travel to places where the unique flowers, plants,animals and the cultural heritage are the primary attractions. It is considered as a kindof responsible tourism which seriously takes ecology and culture into consideration.Therefore, programs involving the conservation and preservation of some natural andcultural sites also form a part of eco-tourism.

 Eco-tourism is developing at great speed. According to a report by the World TourismOrganization, eco-tourism in recent years has enjoyed an annual growth of about 5%worldwide. Over 80 activities have been listed for eco-tourism, such as bird watching,hiking, photography, mountaineering and participating in various kinds of local culturalevents.

 Although big cities are still the major places that absorb tourists in our society today,it looks like some smaller towns and rural areas in ecological, cultural and historicalresources may well become the new destinations for people to visit tomorrow.


分析：

 1、这篇文章的主题段在第二段及最后一段，主要告诉人们什么是生态旅游。因此，在概括时要把文章的主题段的中心话题"cultural heritage, takes ecology and culture intoconsideration, historical resources"用自己的话表述出来。为避免抄袭嫌疑，原文的takesecology and culture into consideration可以用attracts tourists by natural and culturalheritage进行平行互换。

 2、建议模板：建议用"一个主句+一个非限制性定语从句/分词短语"，即：写作对象+is…,which… 注意：

 1）不必提及具体数字； 2）不能出现个人观点字眼。如：I think/I agree with/I feel sorryfor…

 Summary:

 Eco-tourism is a new fast developing form of holiday which attracts tourists by naturaland

 cultural heritage as well as historical resources. It can be a way to protect theenvironment.


五、常见错误

4.照抄原文中的句子。概要写作的独立性除了各个要点的独立之外，其实还要求用自己的语言去概括文章，不能直接照抄原文的句子。因此，切记要用自己的语言，而不是原文中的句子来概括要点。

1.不能准确抓住要点。概要写作的重点是能概括出要点，如果要点弄错了，那么就失去了口标。如果不能抓住要点，句子写得再好，也不能得分。因此，抓住要点是关键。抓准要点，除了读懂文章的主旨，了解文章的结构，还要特别注意一些标志词，如小标题、高频词等。

3.各个要点的独立性不够。考试说明中对要点的独立性有明确的要求。因此，我们对要点的陈述也要相对独立，一般不要把几个要点放到一个句子当中。

2.随意打乱文章的结构。概要写作一般会提供结构比较清楚的文章。而写概要的时候，一般都是按照文章的结构去概括要点。不要轻易打乱文章的结构。


六、评分原则

1.本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。2.评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分3.词数少于30的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。4.评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性(3)上下文的连贯性;(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。6.如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。


11-15分

21-25分

16-20分

1.理解准确，函盖全部要点。2.能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。3.有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。4.完全使用白己的语言

1.理解准确，函盖绝大部分要点。2.所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达。3.比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。4.有个别整句抄白原文

1.理解较为准确，涌盖大部分要点。2.所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达。3.应用简单的语句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯。4.出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象


6-10分

1-5分

0分

1.理解有误差，仅涌盖半数要点。2.有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达。3.较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性。4.出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象

白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。

1.没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符。2.有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达。3.缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯4.多个句子抄自原文


THANKS